Description
The kelp forest monitoring datasets provided here are assembled from four academic institutions involved in the baseline and long-term monitoring phases of California’s statewide Marine Protection Area implementation and evaluation process. These datasets include the baseline periods for all regions, and additional historical data. The Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO) kelp forest program, administered out of the University of California campuses in Santa Cruz and Santa Barbara and funded primarily by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, has been monitoring across California since 1999, and with a focus on Marine Protected Areas. The Vantuna Research Group at Occidental College has conducted monitoring in the southern California region since 1966, and has been using similar sampling methods to the PISCO program to monitor kelp forests in the region since the 2004 wide-scale monitoring effort of the Cooperative Research and Assessment of Nearshore Ecosystems (CRANE) Program. Researchers at Humboldt State University began monitoring sites in the north coast region in 2014 and 2015 using the PISCO sampling methodology. Data have been integrated across all four programs. To comprehensively and quantitatively characterize the ecological community and geological features at each kelp forest site, four different sampling methods are employed, all of which are conducted visually by SCUBA divers. Fish transects and benthic macroalgae and invertebrate transects overlap with, but are spatially distinct from one another. Surveys are conducted annually, during the summer or early fall. Typically, two to four sites inside a given MPA and two to four sites outside of the MPA are surveyed in a given year, with the number and shape of sites varying depending on habitat (e.g. onshore-offshore steepness of the reef) and longshore width of the MPA. Sampling history varies by program, MPA, and sampling site. We strongly encourage collaboration with the scientists who collect and manage these data and co-authorship when appropriate, and request that the Data User contact the dataset authors to minimize duplicative efforts. The Data User should realize that these data are likely being actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. Please use this form as an initial method of contact: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSct8vbkyM3l36GjQ0Uq6E50oeCQWlW7682DYecXnTfxpmzlUQ/viewform
The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. The Data User has an ethical obligation to cite the data source appropriately in any publication or product that results from its use, and notify the dataset authors. A recommended citation for the data package is available from the download page. Please send copies of any published manuscript based on these data to the data contact and data creator. The Data User should be aware that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. Extensive efforts are made to ensure that online data are accurate and up to date, but the authors will not take responsibility for any errors that may exist in data provided online. Furthermore, the Data User assumes all responsibility for errors in analysis or judgment resulting from use of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data.
Data Records
The data in this sampling event resource has been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A), which is a standardized format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data table contains 123,604 records.
2 extension data tables also exist. An extension record supplies extra information about a core record. The number of records in each extension data table is illustrated below.
This IPT archives the data and thus serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download in the downloads section. The versions table lists other versions of the resource that have been made publicly available and allows tracking changes made to the resource over time.
Versions
The table below shows only published versions of the resource that are publicly accessible.
How to cite
Researchers should cite this work as follows:
Mark H. Carr, Jennifer E. Caselle, Brian N. Tissot, Daniel J. Pondella, Daniel P. Malone, Kathryn D. Koehn, Jeremy T. Claisse, Jonathan P. Williams, Avrey Parsons-Field, & Sean F. Criag. (2024). Monitoring and Evaluation of Kelp Forest Ecosystems in the MLPA Marine Protected Area Network. California Ocean Protection Council Data Repository. doi:10.25494/P6/MLPA_kelpforest.9.
Rights
Researchers should respect the following rights statement:
The publisher and rights holder of this work is NOAA Integrated Ocean Observing System. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY 4.0) License.
GBIF Registration
This resource has been registered with GBIF, and assigned the following GBIF UUID: 154d6192-bea0-4bcb-ab58-1c573081591d. NOAA Integrated Ocean Observing System publishes this resource, and is itself registered in GBIF as a data publisher endorsed by GBIF-US.
Keywords
Samplingevent; Biological data; Kelp forest/shallow subtidal; Rocky reef; Baseline MPA monitoring; Marine protected area (MPA); MPA research & monitoring; MPA monitoring Action Plan; MPA network; Scuba; Central Coast; North Central Coast; North Coast; South Coast; Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO); Algae; Fish; Invertebrates; Observation
External data
The resource data is also available in other formats
| DataONE | https://opc.dataone.org/view/doi:10.25494/P6/MLPA_kelpforest.9 UTF-8 csv |
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Contacts
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9644-7680
- Metadata Provider
- Metadata Provider
- Distributor
- Physical Scientist
- 1315 East-West Highway
- 3017134928
Geographic Coverage
State of California
| Bounding Coordinates | South West [32, -125], North East [42, -117] |
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Temporal Coverage
| Start Date / End Date | 1999-09-07 / 2023-12-05 |
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Project Data
No Description available
| Title | Monitoring and Evaluation of Kelp Forest Ecosystems in the MLPA Marine Protected Area Network |
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| Funding | 0CAI5032 |
| Study Area Description | State of California |
The personnel involved in the project:
Sampling Methods
Kelp forest surveys are conducted annually, generally from June to late October. Sites are surveyed for fishes and benthic organisms separately, with differing transect replication (described below) for the two methods. Transects are laid in a stratified random design with non-fixed transects at specified locations (sites) and targeted depth zones. Often, benthic sampling is conducted in the early part of the summer, with fish sampling commencing later in the summer and continues into the fall, in order to constrain the seasonality of sampling.
| Study Extent | State of California |
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Method step description:
- Fish surveys: The density of all conspicuous fishes (i.e. species whose adults are longer than 10 cm and visually detectable by SCUBA divers) are visually recorded along replicate 2m wide by 2m tall by 30m long (120m3) transects. In pairs, one diver surveys this volume along the reef surface (searching within cracks and crevices), while another surveys the same volume roughly one third to one half up into the water column (i.e. “mid-water”) above the benthic diver, depending on visibility and bottom depth. Canopy transects of the same dimensions as the mid-water and bottom transects are surveyed at a subset of sites, mainly to target juvenile fish recruiting to the kelp canopy. Canopy transects are only done where kelp canopy extends to the surface and are usually completed separately from the bottom and midwater transects. On canopy transects, the fish counter swims 2m below the surface counting fishes in the top two meters of the water column. Typically, for each portion of the water column sampled, three 30m long transects are distributed end-to-end and 5-10m apart at each of the 5m, 10m, 15m, and 20m isobaths (with additional 25m transects conducted by VRG where habitat is available). Survey depths may vary based on reef topography. Counts on mid-water and bottom transects are eventually combined, thereby generating 12 replicate transects for each site for analyses. At sites with narrow kelp beds, particularly in parts of the Northern Channel Islands, only two zones are sampled, with four transects in each depth zone for a total of eight replicate transects. Fish transects are generally only conducted with at least 3m of horizontal visibility. The total length (TL) of each fish observed is estimated to the closest 1cm. For each transect, divers record the transect depth, horizontal visibility along each transect, water temperature, and sea state (surge), and percent of the transect volume occupied by kelp (PISCO only).
- Benthic swaths for algae and invertebrate densities: The density of conspicuous, individually distinguishable macroalgae and macroinvertebrates (i.e. organisms larger than 2.5 cm and visually detectable by SCUBA divers) are visually recorded along replicate 2m wide by 30m long (60m2) transects. For select species (e.g., sea urchins), high densities are spatially subsampled to allow extrapolation to three separate 20m2 segments of the transect. Typically, two 30m long transects are distributed end-to-end and 5-10m apart at each of the 5m, 12.5m, and 20m isobaths (with additional 25m transects conducted by VRG where habitat is available). This usually generates six replicate transects for each site. At sites with narrow kelp beds, particularly in parts of the Northern Channel Islands, only two zones are sampled, with two transects in each depth zone for a total of four replicate transects. Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) and bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) individuals are enumerated when they reach a stipe height of > 1m, and the number of giant kelp stipes for each individual are also counted. Size cut-offs for inclusion of other understory kelps and large macroalgae, and descriptions of size cut-offs for invertebrates are described in the taxonomic table.
- Benthic point contact for algae and invertebrate percent cover: The percent cover of sessile non-individually distinguishable macroalgae and macroinvertebrates (e.g. colonial invertebrates, foliose macroalgae) are visually recorded along the same replicate 30m long transects used to conduct benthic swath surveys. Typically, two 30m long transects are distributed end-to-end and 5-10m apart at each of the 5m, 12.5m, and 20m isobaths (with additional 25m transects conducted by VRG where habitat is available). This usually generates six replicate transects for each site. At sites with narrow kelp beds, particularly in parts of the Northern Channel Islands, only two zones are sampled, with two transects in each depth zone for a total of four replicate transects. At each meter mark along the 30m transect, the diver records the underlying substrate (bedrock, boulder, cobble, or sand), vertical relief (maximum vertical distance in a 0.5x1m box centered on the point, categorized into 0-10cm, 10cm-1m, 1-2m, and >2m bins), and cover (non-mobile primary space holding organism or bare substrate type). An additional category consisting of a small subset of specific organisms which may be ephemeral, and tend to create a layer over primary space holders are recorded, when present, as a superlayer. Examples include low-lying, very large-bladed macroalgae such as Laminaria farlowii, brittle stars, drift algae, and abalone in the Northern region. Superlayer classifications vary by survey region, and are further defined in the taxonomic table.
- Size surveys for selected algae and invertebrates: Size frequency measurements of body size of targeted invertebrate species (e.g., red and purple urchins, abalone in the genus Haliotis, spiny lobsters, seastars) are recorded by divers both along benthic transects and at random locations within a study site. Organisms are generally measured by divers in situ, and measured sizes correspond with test diameter for urchins, length of longest arm for seastars, shell length for shelled mollusks, carapace length for lobsters, and total turgid length for sea cucumbers. In the case of urchins sampled by UCSB and VRG in Southern California, large numbers of individuals may be collected in bags and brought aboard the research vessel to facilitate measurement.
Additional Metadata
| Alternative Identifiers | 154d6192-bea0-4bcb-ab58-1c573081591d |
|---|---|
| https://obis.org/dataset/a6155d3d-48b8-4778-83aa-776b459a75d1 | |
| https://ipt-obis.gbif.us/resource?r=mlpa_kelp_forest_monitoring |